August 2009 Issue
Feature

Portfolios That Wow

Investing in a good camera is a must for your portfolio; even if someone else takes pictures of the production they may not show off your design work.
Eight Steps to a Perfect Portfolio

The artisan’s portfolio is evolving, though it’s importance is not.
Whether applying to college, a gig, or for a full-time position at a theatre, your portfolio needs to not just be a haphazard collection of this and that.

“Think of it as showcasing yourself—your personality should shine through as well,” says Kathleen DeVault, head of international theatre production, production manager, and resident lighting designer of Ohio Northern University in Ada.

David Grindle, who created the Stage Management Program at Indiana University, Bloomington, points out that these days the majority of jobs are decided over the telephone, so having something that is easy to mail and displays your work well is critical. “I have a student going to China for a year on a phone interview—he never he met his boss. That’s the way the world is right now.”

Rule 1: Get a Good Camera
“When I first started out, everyone just had rendering and drawings,” says Shane Ayers, associate professor of English and Theatre at Berea College, Berea, Kentucky. “Then everybody did 35 mm slides so I had to invest in a good camera.”

“When I first started putting a portfolio together it was for graduate school, and I had no idea what I was doing,” confesses DeVault. “For my first show I didn’t take my own pictures, so I had to get copies from the department.” She quickly learned to get a good camera and do them herself.

So take a class if necessary and don’t rely on others. Even if someone else associated with the play is taking photos, they are usually for promoting the show as a whole, as opposed to specifically showing off some aspect of the lighting, set, or costuming.

Rule 2: The Medium Is the Message

All three point out that technology has been a big boon to the arts and the days of expensive photo printing and lugging around a big book is (mostly) over. A digital portfolio on CD is “the way to go,” says Grindle. “Suddenly if I see the digital portfolio great young designer or technician, I can take the CD and show others in the department. I have a portable document.”

Grindle believes strongly in PDF files: “PDF is the only format you should send any resume, images, or part of a portfolio,” he says. “It’s the only way to assure that everything is presented exactly the way you intend to show it.” Otherwise, if the recipient doesn’t have the font you use, or has an older version of a program, it might open as a complete mess—if it opens at all.

It can help to show work in various stages in your portfolio, so a working process is also documented.
Rule 3: Choose Wisely
When Ayers looks back on his early portfolios, he thinks he erred in including everything. “I tell my students they need to showcase something specific to what they are looking for. Just be ready to show more.” If you’re going after a position as a Lighting Designer, show your work as that—just be ready to also show what you’ve done as a technical director.

DeVault adds to not put a show in your portfolio that you’re not positive about. If you can’t talk about it in a way that shows you’re proud of your work, leave it out, because you can’t be lively or engaging talking about a production that was ultimately disappointing. She remembers well one exchange of interviewing someone who when asked about a particular production in his portfolio, simply said: “I have nothing to say!”
She also advises to include “smaller” shows, as something done well with no budget in a black box can illustrate a designer’s creativity. “I did an international show in Germany where I had only 13 lights to cue,” she tells. “But I was able to talk about the tour and what I accomplished.” The not-so-subtle implication was if she could do this with 13 lights, imagine what she could do with 300 . . .

Rule 4: Have More Than One
Grindle has different portfolios emphasizing different skills and experience. “When I’m trying to get a stage managing job, I have a one for that; as a director, I have a different portfolio. I want them to think of me primarily for the position I most want.”

Ayers adds he has three different versions of his portfolio: an academic one, a freelance one, and an acting one.

Rule 5: Exploit the Technology
Instead of just showing an especially impressive piece of scenery during a production, how about a split screen that also shows the machinery driving it behind the scenes? Technology allows you to do that and more, Grindle says.  It also allows you to show something in more than one light—literally and figuratively.

“If we’re hiring a new scenic painting, I want to see white light effect, while someone else will want to see what it looks like under the show lights,” Grindle says “The technology available gives you the opportunity to expand what you can show.”

Rule 6: Clean, Poignant Cover Letters
“We look at everything very closely,” Ayers says. “If the cover letter is filled with typos, no matter how brilliant their designs are, it makes you wonder about the person.” Make someone else proofread it if necessary. Also, cover letters don’t need to be long, but they need to be specific: Talk about the highlights, give a specific example about a specific success you’ve had, and cite the image that accompanies it.

Rule 7: Don’t Rely on Pure Digital
“If you’re going for a face to face, have a physical portfolio,” advises Grindle. “Some students have Web sites and will e-mail a link, but I’m not a fan of that.”

Grindle encourages his students seeking stage manager position to provide paper from the beginning, middle, and end—the entire run of the show. This allows him to get a sense of how he or she handles each stage. He likes to see how well someone can anticipate things, how they prepped.

Rule 8: Tell the Truth
“Don’t ever lie. It’s a small world and you will be found out,” says Grindle. He then tells the story of a colleague being able to refute someone’s fictionalized resume because “everyone knows everyone else.” He also encourages all to give credit where credit is due. If you’re a costumer and showing off something from one of your shows, also include the names of the LD and the Set Designer, etc.

The Next Thing
DVDs are coming into play. DeVault says they are becoming more prevalent but still in their figurative infancy. “People are still debating if they are good or bad,” she says. “They are good to see, especially if you’re there in person to describe what is being shown.”

Ayers is seeing more DVDs. “I think it’s something we’re going to have to embrace as people become more technically savvy.” But make sure it works—which goes for anything digital. Make sure you go through every chapter or track, ideally on a more than one computer, to make sure it works.

Grindle, who has built an impressive career as a stage manager, has an answer for those who fear their art is hardest to translate to a portfolio. On his campus they videotaped a rehearsal, but in the place of dialog, they recorded the headset track. In a particularly harried production of the Nutcracker Suite, the explosion from the cannon caught a piece of paper on fire as it fell to the stage. “The stage manager was absolutely brilliant on how she handled that,” he says. “I actually use that in class.”  
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    For What Its Worth

    For what it is worth..... no responses to my raising ticket prices query.....did, however, work out an agreement with Samuel French..... JAKE'S WOMEN leaves rehearsal space and Load-In to performance space is tonight..... Production Staff for A YEAR WITH FROG AND TOAD has been procured with the rehearsal/show pianist always the last person to get....Our Patron's Campaign (season ticketholders) is going strong this year.....and lastly, so much on this site is not relevant to our small operations......for what it is worth.See More
  • A blog post by Rich Dionne was featured

    Mechanical Design: Friction

    Friction is defined as the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces in contact with each other. Friction in scenic motion appears all over the place: in obvious places, such as between the bottom of a pallet and the floor or deck or between the casters on a wagon and the floor or deck; and in less obvious places, such as between ropes and pulleys (and between sheaves and axles or cheek plates within pulley blocks). The friction forces in a system can be insidious: individually, they may be relatively small, but if unaccounted for, they can be the difference between an effect coming off as planned, or a moving unit sitting in place while technicians scramble to find out what went wrong.Fortunately, the calculations that can help machine designers determine how much friction is resisting the movement of a particular unit are relatively easy. Unfortunately, these calculations depend on a piece of data called the coefficient of friction, which is different for every combination of surfaces in contact with each other; not tabulated in any useful or consistent way; and dependent on dry or lubricated applications. Think about it: sliding two blocks of unpainted wood against each other takes a different amount of force than sliding two blocks of painted wood against each other; it is also different than sliding two blocks of wet wood against each other, and different than sliding two blocks of wood which have a layer of butchers wax applied between them. Type of material, treatment of material, climatic effects (like humidity in your space), and all sorts of other effects alter the coefficient of friction which governs the amount of friction that exists between two surfaces.With the inter-webs infiltrating every part of our lives, it would only seem logical that there would be a friction fan site (a "fan-friction site?") dedicated to tabulating various friction coefficients. I haven't found it yet. (If you have, or are so juiced up about friction you plan to create one, let me know, and I'll link it here; it'll probably have a pretty high hit count relatively quickly!) What this means is that we either have approximations or must develop empirical data to depend upon. Developing the empirical data isn't terribly difficult, but it does require time, which not many of us have in abundance. Alan Hendrickson describes two easy methods of determining coefficients of friction in his text, Mechanical Design for the Stage. He also provides some rule-of-thumb coefficients to use in a pinch.Once you've determined a coefficient of friction that's accurate for the conditions you're modeling, the equation is relatively simple: for each instance of friction in the system, you simply multiply the coefficient of friction by the normal force in that instance. The result will be the force of friction resisting the movement in that part of the system. Sum all of these individual friction forces, and you've got the total friction force in the system.Wait. Normal force? What?You're right: I tried to pull a fast one there! There are a couple of terms we need to discuss: plane of contact and normal force. The plane of contact is that plane defined by the two surfaces in contact with each other. For a skid or pallet on the floor, the plane of contact would be the horizontal plane between the floor and the pallet. For a wagon on a rake, the plane of contact would be the plane between the top of the rake and the wheels on the wagon.The normal force is defined as that force acting perpendicular to the plane of contact which causes the two surfaces to press against each other (which in turn generates the friction). For a unit sliding across the floor, the normal force is the weight of the object (or the force of gravity pulling down on the mass of the object). In the case of an object sliding at any angle other than parallel to the ground, only a portion of the weight of that object is acting to generate friction; that portion is the normal force.Consider a solid cube dropped from a 100' height. If we could ensure that that cube could drop straight down, and dropped it so that it "slid" along a perfectly straight, smooth, wall, what would the friction between the wall and the cube be? Intuitively, we know there wouldn't be any; this is because there's no normal force acting between the cube and the wall--all of the cube's weight is acting to pull it down, not into the wall. Now angle that wall 45 degrees to the floor, and allow the cube to slide down it. We know the cube will travel more slowly because it experiences friction with the wall. This is because some part of the weight of the cube pushes it into the now-inclined wall. In the case of an incline at 45 degrees, we know, intuitively, that half the weight is pushing the cube into the wall, and half the weight is pulling it along the wall toward the floor. If the cube weighs 100 pounds, we can guess that the normal force is about 50 pounds.The mathematical representation of this is pretty straightforward (though it takes some trigonometry and vector math to derive): the normal force (due to the weight of an object) is equal to the weight of that object times the cosine of the angle of the plane of contact (as referenced to horizontal), or Fn = Fw cos x, where Fn is the normal force, Fw is the weight of an object, and x is the angle between the plane of contact and horizontal. For example, our 100 pound cube sliding along the top of a rake whose angle is 5 degrees from the floor would experience a normal force of 100 pounds multiplied by the cosine of 5 degrees, or about 99.6 pounds.Of course, weight isn't the only thing that can contribute to the normal force in part of a system; consider a stage hand pushing a wagon: unless they are pushing exactly parallel to the plane of contact (and once they've squat-walked around once during their freshmen year they'll never do it again), some portion of their efforts will actually contribute to the friction in the system, making their jobs a little bit harder. Consider a stage hand pushing a wagon at an angle of 45 degrees with a force of about 40 pounds; half of that force will contribute to lateral motion, while the rest is pushing the wagon down into the floor. This adds to the total normal force, increasing the amount of friction in the system.If a typical coefficient of friction for a caster is, say, 0.04, that 20 pounds doesn't seem like much. Multiply 0.04 by 20 pounds, and you get about 0.8 pounds of friction force. This isn't a whole lot. But start looking at 1000 pound wagons pulled by cables which are not perfectly parallel to the floor, or elevators whose lift cables have to run over multiple pulleys, and you can suddenly see yourself adding hundreds of pounds of friction to a system in no time at all. This is especially true in theatre where--let's be honest about it, here--we're lucky to get accuracy to within a degree and an eighth of an inch. Those wide tolerances can add up fast.All of which is to say, it's easy to assume because were using nice pulleys and castors, that friction isn't going to be an issue in our machines. That's a very...ahem...weighty...assumption to make. Better to take the time to include potential friction forces in our calculations.(NB: I deliberately neglected to discuss the differences between static, kinetic, and rolling friction to keep from muddying the issue. These are important distinctions, and worth reading further about. Check Alan Hendrickson's book, or even the dreaded Wikipedia.)See More
  • Blog post by Rich Dionne

    Mechanical Design: Friction

    Friction is defined as the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces in contact with each other. Friction in scenic motion appears all over the place: in obvious places, such as between the bottom of a pallet and the floor or deck or between the casters on a wagon and the floor or deck; and in less obvious places, such as between ropes and pulleys (and between sheaves and axles or cheek plates within pulley blocks). The friction forces in a system can be insidious: individually, they may be relatively small, but if unaccounted for, they can be the difference between an effect coming off as planned, or a moving unit sitting in place while technicians scramble to find out what went wrong.Fortunately, the calculations that can help machine designers determine how much friction is resisting the movement of a particular unit are relatively easy. Unfortunately, these calculations depend on a piece of data called the coefficient of friction, which is different for every combination of surfaces in contact with each other; not tabulated in any useful or consistent way; and dependent on dry or lubricated applications. Think about it: sliding two blocks of unpainted wood against each other takes a different amount of force than sliding two blocks of painted wood against each other; it is also different than sliding two blocks of wet wood against each other, and different than sliding two blocks of wood which have a layer of butchers wax applied between them. Type of material, treatment of material, climatic effects (like humidity in your space), and all sorts of other effects alter the coefficient of friction which governs the amount of friction that exists between two surfaces.With the inter-webs infiltrating every part of our lives, it would only seem logical that there would be a friction fan site (a "fan-friction site?") dedicated to tabulating various friction coefficients. I haven't found it yet. (If you have, or are so juiced up about friction you plan to create one, let me know, and I'll link it here; it'll probably have a pretty high hit count relatively quickly!) What this means is that we either have approximations or must develop empirical data to depend upon. Developing the empirical data isn't terribly difficult, but it does require time, which not many of us have in abundance. Alan Hendrickson describes two easy methods of determining coefficients of friction in his text, Mechanical Design for the Stage. He also provides some rule-of-thumb coefficients to use in a pinch.Once you've determined a coefficient of friction that's accurate for the conditions you're modeling, the equation is relatively simple: for each instance of friction in the system, you simply multiply the coefficient of friction by the normal force in that instance. The result will be the force of friction resisting the movement in that part of the system. Sum all of these individual friction forces, and you've got the total friction force in the system.Wait. Normal force? What?You're right: I tried to pull a fast one there! There are a couple of terms we need to discuss: plane of contact and normal force. The plane of contact is that plane defined by the two surfaces in contact with each other. For a skid or pallet on the floor, the plane of contact would be the horizontal plane between the floor and the pallet. For a wagon on a rake, the plane of contact would be the plane between the top of the rake and the wheels on the wagon.The normal force is defined as that force acting perpendicular to the plane of contact which causes the two surfaces to press against each other (which in turn generates the friction). For a unit sliding across the floor, the normal force is the weight of the object (or the force of gravity pulling down on the mass of the object). In the case of an object sliding at any angle other than parallel to the ground, only a portion of the weight of that object is acting to generate friction; that portion is the normal force.Consider a solid cube dropped from a 100' height. If we could ensure that that cube could drop straight down, and dropped it so that it "slid" along a perfectly straight, smooth, wall, what would the friction between the wall and the cube be? Intuitively, we know there wouldn't be any; this is because there's no normal force acting between the cube and the wall--all of the cube's weight is acting to pull it down, not into the wall. Now angle that wall 45 degrees to the floor, and allow the cube to slide down it. We know the cube will travel more slowly because it experiences friction with the wall. This is because some part of the weight of the cube pushes it into the now-inclined wall. In the case of an incline at 45 degrees, we know, intuitively, that half the weight is pushing the cube into the wall, and half the weight is pulling it along the wall toward the floor. If the cube weighs 100 pounds, we can guess that the normal force is about 50 pounds.The mathematical representation of this is pretty straightforward (though it takes some trigonometry and vector math to derive): the normal force (due to the weight of an object) is equal to the weight of that object times the cosine of the angle of the plane of contact (as referenced to horizontal), or Fn = Fw cos x, where Fn is the normal force, Fw is the weight of an object, and x is the angle between the plane of contact and horizontal. For example, our 100 pound cube sliding along the top of a rake whose angle is 5 degrees from the floor would experience a normal force of 100 pounds multiplied by the cosine of 5 degrees, or about 99.6 pounds.Of course, weight isn't the only thing that can contribute to the normal force in part of a system; consider a stage hand pushing a wagon: unless they are pushing exactly parallel to the plane of contact (and once they've squat-walked around once during their freshmen year they'll never do it again), some portion of their efforts will actually contribute to the friction in the system, making their jobs a little bit harder. Consider a stage hand pushing a wagon at an angle of 45 degrees with a force of about 40 pounds; half of that force will contribute to lateral motion, while the rest is pushing the wagon down into the floor. This adds to the total normal force, increasing the amount of friction in the system.If a typical coefficient of friction for a caster is, say, 0.04, that 20 pounds doesn't seem like much. Multiply 0.04 by 20 pounds, and you get about 0.8 pounds of friction force. This isn't a whole lot. But start looking at 1000 pound wagons pulled by cables which are not perfectly parallel to the floor, or elevators whose lift cables have to run over multiple pulleys, and you can suddenly see yourself adding hundreds of pounds of friction to a system in no time at all. This is especially true in theatre where--let's be honest about it, here--we're lucky to get accuracy to within a degree and an eighth of an inch. Those wide tolerances can add up fast.All of which is to say, it's easy to assume because were using nice pulleys and castors, that friction isn't going to be an issue in our machines. That's a very...ahem...weighty...assumption to make. Better to take the time to include potential friction forces in our calculations.(NB: I deliberately neglected to discuss the differences between static, kinetic, and rolling friction to keep from muddying the issue. These are important distinctions, and worth reading further about. Check Alan Hendrickson's book, or even the dreaded Wikipedia.)See More
  • A blog post by Erich Friend was featured

    Don’t be irreplaceable

    If you can’t be replaced, you can’t be promoted.  Actors have understudies, and most positions in a production have an assistant or 2nd.  Plan your work environment in a similar manner.  Keeping secrets about how things are done won’t make you invaluable – it will just keep you in your place.  Whatever you do, be a mentor as you do it.  Showing others how things get done in ‘your world’ won’t put you out of a job, it will allow you to move upwards when the opportunity arises because your boss will see that there won’t be a vacuum left behind when you move on / up.Another good reason to mentor your associates about your job is that it allows you to build interpersonal relationships so that when someone has a question about your area of expertise, they will know who the ‘go-to’ guy (or gal) is.  Sharing knowledge builds bonds and respect.What if something disrupts your day?  Your car breaks-down, you get hit by a bus, fall off a cliff, your mother-in-law comes into town unexpectedly, or some other disaster befalls you.  Someone will have to pick-up the slack until you are back in the swing of things.  Just as you would want someone to be able to cover for you, you should be able to cover for your coworkers, too.Don’t be afraid to be inquisitive about what other people do.  Find-out what tasks they do on a daily basis as well as the special things they must accomplish during the run of a show.  If you know who and where their contacts are, where the paperwork and forms are kept, and what their workload entails, you will be better equipped to fill-in should they be out of commission for a while.  And if you are filling-in for someone else – you’ll need someone to fill-in for you, too.  When everybody gets a (temporary) job shift it rounds-out the workforce to be a stronger team.Don’t be afraid that someone is going to take your job – be afraid if no one wants it.  There is always some better opportunity or position to pursue if you are not burdened with thoughts of ‘what’ll they do without me?”See More
  • Blog post by Erich Friend

    Don’t be irreplaceable

    If you can’t be replaced, you can’t be promoted.  Actors have understudies, and most positions in a production have an assistant or 2nd.  Plan your work environment in a similar manner.  Keeping secrets about how things are done won’t make you invaluable – it will just keep you in your place.  Whatever you do, be a mentor as you do it.  Showing others how things get done in ‘your world’ won’t put you out of a job, it will allow you to move upwards when the opportunity arises because your boss will see that there won’t be a vacuum left behind when you move on / up.Another good reason to mentor your associates about your job is that it allows you to build interpersonal relationships so that when someone has a question about your area of expertise, they will know who the ‘go-to’ guy (or gal) is.  Sharing knowledge builds bonds and respect.What if something disrupts your day?  Your car breaks-down, you get hit by a bus, fall off a cliff, your mother-in-law comes into town unexpectedly, or some other disaster befalls you.  Someone will have to pick-up the slack until you are back in the swing of things.  Just as you would want someone to be able to cover for you, you should be able to cover for your coworkers, too.Don’t be afraid to be inquisitive about what other people do.  Find-out what tasks they do on a daily basis as well as the special things they must accomplish during the run of a show.  If you know who and where their contacts are, where the paperwork and forms are kept, and what their workload entails, you will be better equipped to fill-in should they be out of commission for a while.  And if you are filling-in for someone else – you’ll need someone to fill-in for you, too.  When everybody gets a (temporary) job shift it rounds-out the workforce to be a stronger team.Don’t be afraid that someone is going to take your job – be afraid if no one wants it.  There is always some better opportunity or position to pursue if you are not burdened with thoughts of ‘what’ll they do without me?”See More
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